Devlopment of Drama

   Paper – 2 Neo –Classical Literature

Prepared by – Shubhda parmar

Roll no - 35

Sem - 1

Email id –shubhadaparmar10@gmail.com

Submitted by – Smt.S.B gardi

                          Department of English

                           Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji

                           Bhavnagar University

                           Gujarat

    Introduction:

                   18^th century is the major literary phenomena of the complex so called Classicism, the recovery of romantic poetry and the discovery of the modern novel. Away from the fact that the novel is the most modern and at present the mainly widely read and influential type of literature, we have a certain pride in regarding it as England’s original role to the world of letter. Further great types of literature, like the epic, the romance, and the drama, were first produced by other nations; however the idea of the modern novel seems to have been worked out basically on English soil.

      Precursors of the Novel:

                   Before the novel could reach its modern stage of a further or less sincere challenge to express human life and character it had to pass during several centuries of almost imperceptible development .with the early precursors of the novel we must place a collection of tales recognized as the Greek Romance, dating from the second to the sixth centuries. These are imaginative and pleasant stories of ideal love and marvelous adventure which profoundly precious romance writing for the next thousand year. Beside is establish in the Italian and Spanish pastoral romance which were encouraged by the Eclogues of Virgil. These were really popular in the 14^th and 15th centuries, and their influence is seen later in Sidnev’s Arcadia which is the best of this kind in English.

                    The mainly influential group of predecessors of the novel is made awake of the romances of chivalry, such as are establish in Malory’s Morte d’Arthur. It is perceptible, in reading these beautiful old romances in different languages, that every nation changes them somewhat, so as to make them more expressive of nation traits and ideals. In a word, the old romance tends certainly towards realism, especially in England, where the excessive thoughts is curbed and the heroes became more human. The Canterbury Tales with their story significance and their characters delightfully true to nature, have in them the suggestion, at least, of a associated story whose chief aim is to reflect life as it is.

                                   In the Elizabethan Age the thought of the novel grows more definite. In Sidney’s Arcadia, a romance of chivalry, the pastoral surroundings at least is generally true to nature. In Bacon’s The New Ailantis we have the story of the innovation by mariners of an unknown country, occupied by a superior had been used by more in his Utopian in 1516. These two books are neither romance nor novels in the harsh sense but studies of social institutions.

 The Discovery of the Modern Novel:

                                  In spite of this long history of fiction to which we have called attention, it is protect to say that until the publication of Richardson’s Pamela in 1740, no true novel had appeared in several literatures. By a true novel we mean simply a work of fiction which relates the story of a basic human life, under stress of emotion which depends for its interest not on occasion or adventure, but on its truth to nature. A number of English novelists — Goldsmith, Richardson , Fielding, Smollett , Sterne all seem to have seized upon the idea of dazzling life as it is in the form of a story , and to have developed in simultaneously . The cause was an extraordinary awakening of interest, particularly among people who had never before been greatly disturbed with literature. We are to remember that in previous periods the number of readers was relatively small and that with the exception of a few writers like Langland and Bunyan authors wrote largely for the upper classes.

         “though novels have been in existence a long time now, there is, in comparison with the traditional forms of literature, still a sort of upstart quality about them. There are people who, despite the high example set by Cervantes and Flaubert and Henry James, insist on regarding the novelist   as the lowest form of literary practitioner……. he doesn’t ennoble the world but presets it as it is ,with all its meanness ,dirt and sexuality…… he identifies himself with the men and women of ordinary homes, streets, pubs, school, prisons, using all kinds of languages, flinching at no situation”.

                                                                                          – Anthony Burgess

        

       

                         18^th century the increase of education and the appearance of newspapers and magazines led to an immense enlarge in the number of readers, and at the same time the middle class people unspecified a foremost place in English life and history. These new readers and this new, influential middle class had no classic tradition to hamper them. They cared little for the opinions of Dr. Johnson and at all, they apparently took modest interest in the exaggerated romances of impossible heroes and the picaresque stories of intrigue and villainy which had interested the upper classes. Some latest type of literature was demanded, and this latest type must express the new ideal of the 18^th century .so the novel was born, expressing, during in a different way exactly the same ideals of personality and of the dignity of common life which were later proclaimed in the American and in the French revolution , and were welcomed with satisfaction by the poets of the romantic revival.

                         The word ‘novel ’if it was at all destined a short story of the type written and collected by Boccaccio in his Decameron.

     

           The shorter Oxford Dictionary tells us, is

     ‘a fiction prose narrative of considerable length in Which characters and action representative of real life are  Portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity ’.

             In 18^th century that people starts to write and read the variety of books that call novels. In 1770 the reading of novel had become fashion generally shows with upper-class women .The novel had become in the 1920s and 1930s a gateway into the world of pleasant dreams. Then the demand of readers their growth of romantic novel .After than arise the level of novel.

             The novel in this normally accepted intellect was created and established in the middle time of the 18^th century by a group of four wheels of this period :

   1. Samuel Richardson

   2. Henry Fielding

   3. Smollett

   4. Sterne

        Samuel Richardson :

          In 1740 Richardson first tine published ‘Pamela ’. He was an expert letter writer who used to help ignorant people particularly of the fair sex, by writer their love letters. The story of ‘Pamela ’ is told in a series of letters written it  about Andrews , a young maidservant in the service of an aristocratic lady. The mistress has immediately died as soon as the story opens. Tired of pursuit and being very greatly in love with her he offers marriage and is accepted for Pamela has all along been secretly concerned to the squire while resisting his attempts on her honour. Richardson ’s aim was undoubtedly moral. The full title of the novel is ‘Pamela or Virtue Rewarded ’. The great combination of virtue and prudence in the heroine wins her a lover and an aristocratic condition. The culture of Richardson’s was not high, his narrow concept of virtue motivated several skits.

       In 1748 published his second novel ‘Clarissa ’ .In this novel also use of form of letters ,written by Clarissa to her friend Anna Howe with by Lovelace to his friend John Belford. Clarissa is very attractive, a young . She marry with ugly and stupid Mr Solmes whom she detests. The lesson planned in this novel is that even as childrean   must obey their parents the parents have to not force them into marriage. Clarissa is  Richardson ’s

undoubtedly masterpiece.

                Richardson had major authority on following novelists equally in England and in Europe. The letter technique afforded him unlimited variety for analysis of character and motives a feature. His plots are skillfully manipulated and his characters are sharply tired. His language and style are regular and unaffected.

              Henry Fielding :

              

          Henry Fielding is the 18^th century’s great novelist .He took to novelist writing behind a career as journalist, lawyer and dramatist. Provoked to write a parody of ‘Pamela’ he soon establish the story developing into an independent novel and threw satire and the outcome was

‘The History of the Adventures ‘. The story begins on lines parallel to individuals of Pamela. Joseph Andrew, the brother of Pamela Andrews, is employed as a service family of Sir Thomas Bobby. He is dismissed since service because he has repulsed Lady Bobby‘s attempts to seduce him. His novel is conceived in the true courage of comedy. Fielding‘s reason was to expose affectation humility and hypocrisy.

          

           Henry‘s second novel was the ‘History of the Late Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great ‘. The novel based on a infamous who had been hanged several years before. This is satire on the popular thoughts of greatness. Fielding shows that person who attract high positions in government, politics, and society is in no way differing from the greatness of his associates. The character is as vital as those of Joseph Andrews, reflection naturally less pleasing.

                 Fielding‘s third novel was his masterpiece. Tom is originate one night in the bed of the benevolent squire Allworthy who bring him up beside with nephew Bliff. Tom falls in love with the beautiful and virtuose Sophia, daughter of the peevish and imperious fox hunting squire Western, who desires to marry her to Bliff. At the end , Sophia  who loves Tom ,runs away from home to escape since marriage with the mean scoundrel Bliff and finds Shelter with cousin in London. So at last end of here Tom gets his Sophia, the latter forgiving his irregular love affairs. The features of novel that wants comment is that every of its 18 books are prefaced with an introduced essay in which the author deals with this or that aspect of his story in a style, which whether mock– heroic or serious , shows him a master of English prose.

         Last novel of Fielding was ‘Amelia’ less power but not lessCharm than his previous ones. The charm centre on the beautiful , good and gentle heroine Ameli. Whose sufferings under very trying conditions are described in a attitude of personal kindness and pathos by a softer and mellower Fielding. A good part of the book is faithful to various evils defects in the law connecting to debtors.

Smollet

    Smollett’s three well-known works are ‘Roderick Random ’,Peregrine Pickle ’ and ‘Humphrey Clinker ’. ‘Peregrine Pickle ’, Smollett‘s longest novel, has the universal character as Roderick Random. The chief attraction of the book, still is in its humorous characters. Here speaks only nautical language. ‘Humphrey Clinker ’ is the best novel and most interesting of Smollett. Here smollett gives us brilliance comedy in a sprit of genial sympathy.

 Laurence Sterne:

           

              Sterne wrote two novels ‘Tristram Shandy ’ full of clowning and ‘ A Sentimental Journey’ of sentimentality. In ‘Tristram Shandy ’ at this point the real hero is his uncle Toby one of the supreme characters of novel like brave, modest ,gentle and simple as a child who would not hurt a fly. There is no chronological classify. The style is regularly being distinguished by endless,  dashes, stars, blanks.

    

                  So, here we can find  Richardson , Fielding,  Smollett, Sterne,  the four wheels of the novel wain .          
 Other Prose Writers:

           

        Jonathan Swift:

               

                  Swift’s mastery of English prose, and he continue passion of excellent. His first novel was ‘The Battle of the Book’ it published in 1704. The theme of the novel is a famous one being the dispute between ancient and modern authors. He gives allegorical, mockheroic location in which the book in a library at length literary contead with one other. The famous passage where a bee, accidentally blundering keen on a spider ’s web is one of the happiest efforts.

                               ‘     A Tale of a Tub’ published in 1704.It is regarded by many as Swift’s greatest work. It is religious allegory, also suggested by work of Bunyan, on three men, Peter, who stands for the Roman Catholic Church, Jack, who represents the Dissenters, and Martin the personification of the Anglican and Lutheran Churches. The book was proposed as an attack on the enthusiasn of Roman Catholics. The style of Swift is brief and has a constant vigour, peace and colourfulness.

                  "" When he following his allegory in the satire and his redoubtable style,“To all mayors, sheriffs, jailors, constable , bailiffs, hangmen, etc. Whereas we are informed that A.B remains in the hands of you, or any of you under the Sentences of death. We will and command you, upon sight Here of to let the said prisoner depart to his own habitationWhether he stands condemned for murder, etc.”

                                                      – A Tale of a Tub

                                         

  Several of them he written for the other greatest work like, ‘ Gulliver’s Travels ’, ‘The Conduct of the Allies ’,  some Remarks on the Barrier Treaty ’, ‘The Spirit of the Whings ’.

                             Gulliver’s Travels resembles its equal allegory. This novel is dividing in four part, all parts are very interesting for readers. The two earlier stages of the Travels have an attraction and vivacity that delight old and young. The satire in the allegory ,other than it is so  delicately .His comments upon mankind are shrewd and arresting, with satirical and are so far not brutal not obscene.

                              Gulliver’s Travels first book tells us of his voyage and shipwreck on Lilliput. So the style is simple, the surprising and journey, here most interesting swift ’ s satire.

                               
In the second voyage Swift is abandoned in Broabdinag, where the population are giants, and everything is finished upon an huge scale. He also tells about greatness of these superior beings. Here Gulliver said,

   “The queen, who often used to hearme talk of my Seavoyages, and took all occasions to drive me when  I was melancholy, asked me whether I understood

            How to handle a sail or an oar, and whether a little    exercise Of rowing might not be convenient for my health. I answeredthat Iunderstood  both very well ,for although my properemployment had been to be surgeon or doctor to theship, yet often upon a pinch I was forced to work like a common mariner.but I could not see how this could be done in their country, where the smallest wherry was equal to a first rate man of war among us and such a boat as I could manage would contrive a boat, her own joiner should make it,and she would provide a place for me to sail in. ”

           In third voyage Gulliver continues his adventures in Laputa, and this is a satire leading all the scientist and philosophers. Laputa is flying island, delayed in air by a loadstone.

                    In the forth voyage the merciless satire conceded out to its logical conclusion .This bring us to the Houyhnms, in which horses, superior and intelligent creatures are the ruling animals,

  Daniel Defoe :

                     Defoe ’s work in fiction were all produced in the latter form of his life, at about absurd speed. His life ’s first work was ‘Robinson Crusoe ’, ‘ Duncan Campbell’, ‘Memoirs of  a Cavalier’ all these books published in 1720 and in 1722 appeared ‘Moll Flander’, ‘A New Voyage round the World’ and ‘Coionel Jacque’.

                                               Defoe ’s famous work Robinson Crusoe , wherever the incomparable outcome of the story of the island is marred by long and sometime tedious narrative of other lands. Then the style is unpolished, but has a vigorous ,homely raciness and a colloquial vocabulary which make it perfect for his purpose. The finest part of Robinson Crusoe, his realism that is rarely approached.

                           Completely unadorned style like,

    “I went to work upon this boat the most like  that ever man did who had any of his sense awake. I pleased myself with the design, without determining Whether I was able to undertake it ,not but that the   launching my boat came often into my head ,but I put a stop to my own inquiries into it, By this foolish answer, Let us first make it, I warrant I will find some way or other to get it along when it is done ”.

                                                                    – Robinson Crusoe       

      

Other minor Writers  :

                  John Arbuthnot  :

       

  John Arbuthnot mostly wrote on based on political. His works like, ‘Memoirs of Martinus ’, ‘The History of John Bull’ and‘ The Art of Political Lying’. Arbuthnot writes among wit and vivacity and with lots of pointed allusion.

Lord Bolingbroke :

                    

                Bolingbroke prided himself on being equally a patron of letters and a man of letters. In 1736 he produced ‘A Letter on the Spirit of Patriotism’ than in 1738 ‘The Idea of a Patriot King ’.These reflect the Tory sentiment of their author, with help of his work Bolingbroke is always differ to other author.

   Earl of Shaftesbury:

           

                          Shaftesbury   had insignificant feel for the politics of the time, and aspired to be famous as a great writer. He traveled a lot and always creates various version in his life. His books are written with grand care and exactitude, without being particular striking. His famous woks like, ‘His Characteristics of Men ’ ,and ‘Times’ .

    George Berkeley:

                          He was a man of noble and charitable mind, and interested himself in a lot of admirable schemes. He was a man of great and enterprising mind, and wrote among a lot charm on a diversity of science, philosophical, and metaphysical subjects.

       Beside his famous works, ‘The Principles of Human Knowledge’ a notable effort in the study of the mind that appeared , in 1710 , another his books  like, ‘Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous’  and‘ The Minute Philosopher’. He writes with charming relieve, disdaining of literary of exaggeration and his control of irony is capable and sure.

Conclusion:

                During in the 18th century humbly introduce a form of the novel. At that time views of watt‘s is that ‘Critical feature of the 18^th century novel is the creation of psychological realism. Later than readers are easily know about the form of novel. At that time Richardson present analysis of the human heart, Fielding gives it full of energy; Smollet introduced embroidered characters, Swift highly present his satire novels.

                So, finally help of all novelist here introduced innovative form of novel and readers are also appreciate this.

Characteristics of Renaissance

Paper – 1 The Renaissance Literature

Prepared by – Shubhda parmar

Roll no - 35

Sem - 1

Email id –shubhadaparmar10@gmail.com

Submitted by – Smt.S.B gardi

                          Department of English

                           Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji

                           Bhavnagar University

                           Gujarat

 Introduction: 

                The word Renaissance seems to have been first used by the French historian, Jules Michelet, in his Historian de france, available in 1855.It was immediately taken up by other scholars and while all have known its general value as a narrative of a unique historical time none have really been able to identify it the debate over its meaning continue to this day. It has been describe as the birth of the modern world out of the world and the innovation of man, as the era of untrammeled individualism in life, during religion and art. Recently some historians, finding that these attribute were present in various people and place in the middle ages, and also that many basics long detained to be medieval survived into the Renaissance, have denied that the Renaissance ever existed. The evidently settled notions of theme devil world were at no time exempt from test and new vistas of human potential were constantly being opened to view. Thus historians regularly speak of renaissance rather than a Renaissance. In is possible for us to see that there were in the time of Shakespeare confident unique attitudes which were not equally present in the age of Chaucer, and which we can tell to political, economic and logical changes taking place throughout Europe. Generally we may agree that the period of the Renaissance was famous for speedy growth in new scientific discovery, religious controversy, commerce and intense political nationalism.

                  As a poet Marlowe is known of the English Renaissance, a period which for historical convenience we may view as having begun with the succession of king Henry VII to English throne in 1485.It is hard to say just when the English Renaissance came to a close, some may argue that it has never broken, that it is active today. We may work its fading with the death of King James in 1625 while John Milton, who was the only seventeen years old, was still to be very much a poet of the Renaissance. In 1625 the most literary achievement of the English Renaissance had been written, individual attitudes which we connect with the age of Elizabeth were being challenged by new ones often beyond the conception of Shakespeare, and the modern world had come into being.                                                                                                                                                                                                         

               

                  The Renaissance in England-Its Cause

       In 1485 the English Renaissance began with the succession of King Henry VII to the English throne .A movement touching the lives of the Europeans, it began in Italy almost two the centuries earlier, and the two most famous   names   related with its early period are Petrarch and Boccaccio. From   Italy the movement spread during Spain, Netherlands, Germany,  England, and  france The Renaissance  begun with recovery of classical learning which has come to be called Humanism. It may have been aided by the reduce of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453 and the consequent movement into Italy of Greek scholars deportment their long preserved classical manuscripts while the study of Greek had begun in western Europe some time in advance.

              The most major event of the Renaissance in England is the European design of printing by movable type. In this way the Renaissance was moved by the revival of learning and diffused by the art of printing. The English people responded to the Renaissance courage, which thought coming from without ,was quite in agreement with suppressed forces of the English mind and served but to aware it to a notice of its own powers.

              The birth of Individualism and worldliness gave by the Renaissance. These were the same ingredients in the classical Greek literature which concerned the men of the Renaissance. The ancient Greek was a knowing man in that his intact life and hope were centered on this present world rather than on some future one. The Greek literature also reveals that strong individualism was an attribute of the ancient Greek, for the voice of the Greek literature was that of democratic and individualistic Athens before the disciplined ant-hill of Sparta. The result of this individualism was that the Renaissance men cared not a fig for influence they were free in making their own judgment, right or

Wrong and this liberty found expression in the plays Marlowe.

                 Another important feature of individualism was the resolve on the well-rounded man. If a man is only a unit in a social mass, there is a strong responsibility to be as much like the other units as possible. But if a man is an individual and end in himself, then there is a worth in his difference in his individuality.

                   The English Renaissance Literature    

                   

  The English Renaissance literature is marked by four periods;     

        1. The period of preparation it was the early life of the Renaissance.                                                                

        2.  The period of Elizabethan it was the manhood of Renaissance.

         3.   The period of Jacobean it was the middle age of English Renaissance.

          4.    The period of Caroline it was the old age of the   Renaissance.

           The efflorescence of the Renaissance courage appeared in the Elizabethan literature which was obvious by fewness of national life, an enthusiasm for knowledge, courage of daring. The Renaissance raised man’s hopes to the mainly magnificent potentialities inside him, only to dash them again in blackest doubt as soon as he realized his individual limitations also then life became‘a tale lold by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing’.

           The Renaissance was totally reflected in the literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The prose writing of Malory, Erasmus’ Praise of folly and Sir Thomas More’s Utopian were mostly responsible for heralding the dawn of the Renaissance which attained its maturity in the age of the Elizabeth. These three prose writers sang in praise of the Renaissance as well as harnessed their pens in driving away vice, ignorance and superstition, the three foes of humanity.

          Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard the Earl of Surrey were the pioneers of the latest poetry in England. These two diplomats brought among them new courage of the Renaissance from Italy and breathed it in Tottle‘s Miscellany which is documented as one of the landmarks of English literature. They gave English poetry a new sense of grace, pride and harmony which were missing in the Scottish and English Chaucerians .They introduced the vogue of sonnet writing and blank verse poetry in England. The Renaissance courage had its complete play in the hands of Spenser. He has been known as ‘the touchstone of English poetic sensibility ’.

              The dramas of the University Wits bubble with the strength of the Renaissance. John Lyly’s Euphues and Green’s short novels, based on the day Italian stories, were popular with the leisured reading called’the true child of the Renaissance’. In his four dramas Tamberlaine, Dr. Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II, we notice a full-blooded appearance of the entire age with all its new aspirations, hopes and attractive adventure. His plays are the personification of what the Renaissance people felt and lived. The delight of the earth which the men of the Renaissance held dear are given full expression in Tamberlaine,

         “A god is not so glorious as a king,

          I think the pleasure they enjoy in heaven

          Cannot compare with kingly joys in earth“

               The age of Shakespeare and the age of Elizabethan witnessed of the richest periods in the history of England. The age witnessed the rise and increases of the feelings of loyalty and nationalism with the English people, and brought about a unique progress in almost all the branches of its variegated lite.

   

               The Renaissance denotes, in its broadest intelligence the steady details of the human mind after the darkness of the middle Ages. Renaissance had its birth in Italy and spread in Germany, England, and France. In England the Elizabethan period was the manhood of the Renaissance which produced geniuses like Shakespeare, Marlowe, Sidney and Spenser.

                           The Renaissance highlighted the thoughts and ideas of the people of the Elizabethan age. Under the influence of the Renaissance the Elizabethan people made efforts to free themselves since the rigid institutions of the Middle ages, feudalism and the churches and to declare their right to live , to think and to convey themselves in harmony with a more flexible secular code. As men gained this liberty they felt less inclined to agree to the medieval view that this life should be sacrificed to the future, they twisted more and more to the present world, to the problem of gaining mastery in it through wealth or statecraft, of discovering its secrets through searching and systematic of heightening its enjoyments through art and literature. During the Elizabethan age there was the recovery of classical learning the study of the classical authors became an enthusiasm with the people of this age.

          Humanism :

  

             The rediscovery and reinterpretation of remains gave birth to a new culture that of humanism. The Humanists led by Erasmus began to take interest in life and in mankind. In England also the humanistic culture had its authority. Under the new faith life no longer seemed a mere penance to be endured by good Christians in preparation for heaven. People began to take attention in this life and strove hard to make it better and happier.

        The Reformation:

             The Reformation which began in the time of Henry VIII reached its culmination through the Elizabethan age. There was tutelage of Roman influence. Spenser presented the greatest trends of Reformation in the Faerie Queene.

           Nationalism:

               The flaw of the Spanish Armada brought about the recovery of nationalistic and patriotic feelings among the people of this time. At the defeat of the Spanish Armanda the national spirits rose to confused heights of self confidence comparable to the exaltation of Greece after salames. This increase of nationalistic feelings which had first began with Chaucer in the fourteenth century set up its blossoming in the Elizabethan literature.

 

           Settlement :

  

           Both in politics and religion the English nation was attaining to a state of solidity. The union of the crowns at last set at rest the earliest quarrel between Scotland and England. In religion there was the spirit of toleration which was mostly due to the Queen‘s influence. The minds of the people freed from religious fears and singling out turned with large enthusiasm to creativity  This decision was all for the good of literature.

   An Age of Social Contentment:

       It was age of relative social contentment in burly difference with the days of Lang land. The quick enlarge of developed towns gave employment to thousands of people who had before been still and economical .The sense of social defense and contentment gave encourage to literary activity.

An Age of Material Advancement:

In matter surroundings and comforts also there were huge changes and improvements pleasing place. Commerce was making very extensive progress. Fresh means of wealth were being originally or fully developed. The suspension of the ministries had helped to produce an economic revolution which has not so far been sufficiently recognized.

 New Discoveries:

              The new discoveries in the field of astronomy by Copernicus beside the old theories of Ptolemy, and the discovery of American by Columbus and Cabot brought about a widening of possibility. New knowledge began to decant in from the rapid and new worlds were opening in the west. The great journey whose exploits were chronicled in the immortal pages of Hakluyt brought home equally others as Shakespeare called them such explorations had significant outcome on the production of literature.

  An Age of Adventure:

      It was a period of Adventure. The imagination of the people was encouraged .The new rich lands opened to the sight and imagination created new forms to people the new lands.

     ''So dreams and deeds increase side by side and the Dreams and deeds increase side by inside and the dream is ever greater than the deed"'.

.

  That is the importance of Elizabethan literature.

 Printing and Education:

Printing which Caxton had introduced in the previous age, had currently its full outcome. The new learning was popularised by the printing press earlier education had been in the hands the church, but with the Renaissance begun secular education. A reading public was shaped through the Elizabethan age and the new literature was welcomed by the people.

    

                 Literary Tendencies of the Age 

 Revival of interest in Greek literature:

                

      The ardent recovery in the study of Greek literature brought an incredible light into many dark place of intellect. The new classical influences were a great advantage. They tempered and polished the previous rudeness of English literature.

 The New Romanticism:

       The romantic quest is for the remote, the amazing and the attractive. All these wish were abundantly fed through the Elizabethan age, which is the first and the greatest romantic age.

“There was a daring and resolute sprite of adventure in literary as well as other regions and most important of all these was an unmistakable buoyancy and freshness in the strong wind of the sprite  I was the ardent youth of English literature and the achievement was worthy of it. ”

                                                         – Albert

   Abundance of Output:

               The Elizabethan age was rich in literary productions of every kind. Singing is impossible when one‘s heart is silent and at any moment one may be laid desperate. Not till the accession of Queen Elizabethan did better state of things begin to be. As we have pointed out, the historical condition is quite wonderful to a healthy production. In the Elizabethan age pamphlets and treatise, were liberally written. Sometimes writers indulged in scandalous abuses which were of personal character. But on the whole, the output of literature was very extensive and after the lean years of the preceding period the prodigal issue of the Elizabethan age is almost discomforting.

               Even the lavishness of the Elizabethans cannot shine that for this age. The development of new ideas bright with luminaries of the first magnitude. In prose we may note particularly the successful yield of the novel, the rejuvenation of the essay, and the extraordinary activity of critical and miscellaneous writers. This is the most fruitful period of our literature, but at least they indicated a lively importance in the literature of the age.

               

 The Sprite of Independence:

               Despite borrowing from abroad, the authors of this age showed courage of independence and creativeness. Shakespeare borrowed freely, but by the alembic of his creative thoughts he transformed the dross into gold. Spenser introduced the Spenserian stanza, and since his works we get the impression of creativity and intrepidity. On the whole the outlook of the writers through this age was broad and independent.

Translation:

                  The Elizabethan age witnessed translation keen on English of various important foreign books. In this admiration Legouis remarks,

    “The rich soil was fertilized by a deep layer of        

       translations. By 1579, many of the great books of

ancient and modern times had been translated

into English ,almost all of them by 1603, the end

        of Elizabeth’s reign. Some of these translation

formed current reading and some became as

        popular as the writing of English authors. ”

 The popularity of Poetry:

 Poetry enjoyed its heyday through the Elizabethan age.  While the political production was not rather equal to the dramatic, it was nevertheless of great and original beauty. As can be experimental from the disputes of the time, the passion for poetry was absorbing, and the result of it was equal to expectation .The whole age lived in a state of poetic fervour. Songs, lyrics and sonnets were created in plenty, and England became a nest of singing birds. In versification there was an obvious improvement.  Melody and pictorial ism were introduced in poetry by Spenser.

 Prose and Novel:

                 The first time prose rises to the arrangement of first importance.

      “Even the development of poetical drama between 1579 and 1629 is hardly more extraordinary than the

Hasty expansion of English prose and its version to Every kind of literary requirement”.

“The dead weight of the Latin belief gradually passed away and English prose acquired a tradition and universal submission. English novel made its first proper appearance through this age. ”

  The Development of Drama:

          

         The act, then story, then the play that seems to be the natural development of the drama in its simplest form. The Greatest deed of a people are beloved in its literature, and later generations represent in play or pantomime positive parts of the story which appeal most powerful to the imagination .Through the Elizabethan age leap into maturity. Between 1590 and 1593 the theaters were closed because of instability caused by the actors. But in 1594 the problem was solved by the licensing of two troupes of players, the Lord admira’s and the Lord Chamberlain’s .one more difficulty the drama had to face was its affection for taking part in the quarrels of the time . because of this meddling the theaters were closed in 1589

. The drama reached the splendid consummation in the hands of Shakespeare and Ben Jonson during in the ultimate part of the age; particularly through the Jacobean period here was a decline in dramatic standards.  Such an age of great thought and great action ,pleasing to the eyes as well as to the imagination and intellect ,their neither poetry nor the story can express the total man , his thought ,feelings and action ,so in the Age of Elizabethan literature turned to the drama and brought it quickly to the  highest stage of its development .     

 The New Classicism:

            Time of Elizabethan the Renaissance, as it was called, had made itself powerfully felt in England. In particular, there was a devoted recovery in the study of Greek, which brought amazing light into many dark place of the intelligence. The new passion for Classical knowledge, in itself a rich and valuable enthusiasm, became quite a danger to the language. English did not emerge intact from the contest .But functional to his minor level the new classical influences were a great advantage.

  Conclusion:

              This age is known as Shakespeare and Elizabethan age, and this period speak about in England. This is very interesting age because at that time increasement of new Romanticism  revival of interesting in Greek literature also development of drama, prose, poetry. Usually, we are concur with age of Renaissance famous for quickly development.